Gramatica

PRESENT SIMPLE
Se foloseşte prezentul simplu pentru a vorbi despre fapte care sunt in general adevărate şi rutine in special când specificam cât de des.
Ex: The planets go round the sun.
Venus orbits the sun.
Flowers bloom in the spring.
Sound travels al 332 metres per second.
My father never gets up late
I have breakfast al eight o’clock.
The Prime Minister always addresses parliament on Tuesday.
I don’t smoke.
They never take their holidays in the summer.
Se foloseşte uneori in istorisirea de povesti sau glume despre trecut
Ex: I walk into the shop and ask for the ring and the woman behind the counter tells me they’re closed!
Se foloseşte in comentarii când se descrie scurte acţiuni îndeplinite cum au fost descrise
Ex: So, now I break the egg, add it to the other ingredients and put the mixture in the pan.
Se poate folosi la exprimarea viitorului când se refera la un timp anume
Ex: Our bus arrives at 11.15 on Wednesday morning.
Our plane leaves at 6 am tomorrow morning.
The film starts al 8 pm.
School starts again next Monday.
Se poate folosi după if, when, until, as soon as, before, after, când o alta parte a propoziţiei indică viitorul
Ex: We’ll have plenty of time for lunch if the train arrives on time.
When you get here, we’ll visit the museum.


PRESENT CONTINUOUS
se foloseşte când se vorbeşte despre acţiuni ce se petrec in acel moment
Hi! What are you two doing?
Nothing really. We’re just talking.
se foloseşte când se vorbeşte despre acţiuni dintr-un prezent mai lung(dar tot temporal)
Ex: Are you doing anything interesting these days?
Yes. I’m learning to drive.
pentru situaţi care se schimbă
Ex: Your English is improving!
pentru a te plânge despre o situaţie temporala
Ex: You’re eating my ice cream!
chiar si despre obiceiuri folosindu-se mereu “always”
Ex: My sister’s always wearing my clothes!
unele verbe (stative verbs) nu sunt folosite in mod normal in forma continua
Ex: That soup smells great!
I think he’s a composer.
Vb: appear, seem,
believe, realise, suppose, think, recognise, understand, know, remember, see (=understand)
dislike, hate, prefer, love, like, want, wish
hear, sound, smell, taste
own, possess, belong, include, need, owe
mean, matter, surprise
Totuşi unele dintre acestea pot fi folosite intr-un sens diferit ce verbe de acţiune. Atunci pot lua forma continua
Ex: Why are you smelling your food? Is something wrong?
Be quiet a minute, I’m thinking!
se foloseşte pt viitor când se vorbeşte despre aranjamente fixe din viitor(in general nu se poate folosi pentru a înlocui “will”
Ex: Are you meeting the director tomorrow?
Yes. I’m seeing him at 11 o’clock.



PAST SIMPLE


se foloseşte pentru acţiuni ce au avut loc in trecut la un moment determinat
Ex: France won the World Cup in 1998.
in special pentru o serie de acţiuni terminate
Ex: The girl walked out of the house, got into the car and drove off.
sau pentru acţiuni repetate
Ex: She stopped three times for petrol and arrived in Vienna 24 hours later.
Trecutul este fie indicat (1998) fie sugerat (at the time of the story/ at the time we’re talking about)
Adv: two days ago, last week, yesterday

PAST CONTINUOUS


Se foloseşte pentru a descrie o scenă din trecut
Ex: We were late and when we got there people were talking, drinking and eating, and some were dancing to the band, which was playing a tango.
Se foloseşte când se vorbeşte despre ceva care s-a întâmplat deja la un moment din trecut
Ex: At eight o’clock last night, I was watching Tv.
Se foloseşte in situaţii întrerupte de past simple
Ex: The old miner was looking for water when he saw the gold.
Observaţi diferenţele dintre: When I got there, Mary was leaving (ea era pe punctul de a pleca oricum) şi When I got there, Mary left (a plecat după ce am venit, din cauza mea)

THE FUTURE
WILL Se foloseşte „will” pentru viitor în general şi mai ales pentru
predicţii
Ex: You’ll love Budapest!
promisiuni
Ex: I won’t tell anyone your secret
oferte
Ex: We’ll help you with the washing up, Mum.
cereri
Ex: Will you give me a ride to school tomorrow?
GOING TO
Se foloseşte „GOING TO” pentru a vorbe despre
planuri
Ex: My brother’s going to visit London soon.
intenţii
Ex: I’m going to buy that magazine.
Atunci când sunt prezente dovezi ale unei predicţii
Ex: We’re on the last lap and Schumacher’s going to win the Hungarian Grand Prix!
De cele mai multe ori când going to este folosit cu verbul go verbul este omis.
Ex: I’m going (to go) for a ride. Do you want to come?
Observaţi diferenţele dintre intenţiile si deciziile luate in acel moment
I’m going to have lunch at the cafeteria.
Good idea! I think I’ll come with you.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Se foloseşte present continuous să se vorbească despre argumente fixe din viitor.
Ex: Are you meeting the director tomorrow?
Yes. I’m seeing him at 11 o’clock.
În general nu se poate folosi present continuous in loc de will.
Ex: It’ll be cold tomorrow.
She will be twenty on 3rd May.
He won’t expect that!
PRESENT SIMPLE
Se foloseşte present simple pentru a vorbi despre un orar cu referire la viitor
Ex: Our bus arrives at 11.15 on Wednesday morning.
Se mai poate folosi Present simple după if, when, until, as soon as, before, after, când o alta parte a propoziţiei indică viitorul
Ex: We’ll have plenty of time for lunch if the train arrives on time.
When you get here, we’ll visit the museum.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Se foloseşte future continuous pentru a vorbi despre acţiuni care se vor întâmpla la un moment din viitor
Ex: In three hours’ time, I’ll be relaxing in the cafeteria with a cup of coffee.
Se mai poate folosi future continuous in mod similar cam se foloseşte present continuous pentru viitor dar cu mai mult accent pe elementul de viitor
Ex: We’ve enjoyed our stay and we’ll be coming back again next year.
Se mai poate folosi si cum present continuous nu poate pentru a da ideea unui eveniment ce este repetat in viitor
Ex: He’ll be meeting a lot of different people in his new job.
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE/ CONTINUOUS
Se foloseşte future perfect simple sau continuous pentru ideea că ceva va fi terminat intr-un moment al viitorului.
Ex: You’ll have eaten all the biscuits before the guests arrive if you don’t stop.
By the next month we’ll have been living here for ten years.
Poate fi folosit în legătură cu un lucru din viitor în acelaşi fel cum prezent perfect poate fi folosit pentru o perioadă până şi ce poate include şi prezentul. Se foloseşte deseori „by”.
By the time I’m 30, I will have spent more than four years watching television.
By the year 2020, we will have used 80% of the world’s oil.
Întâmplările din viitor care nu sunt prea sigure, aşa ca acest timp este folosit după think, hope, expect, etc:
I think I will have finished my homework by seven o’clock.
I expect we will have started a new book by this time next year.
I hope I will have found a job by the time I leave school.